PARTICLES 2025

Comparative Analysis of Stress Models for Bulk Solids in Silos: Implications for Pellet Integrity and Industrial Applications

  • Moreno-Villa, Andrés (Universidad EAFIT)
  • Gómez-Zuluaga, Jesús (Grupo BIOS)
  • Torres-Ospina, Alexandra (Grupo BIOS)
  • Ruiz-Restrepo, Felipe (Universidad EAFIT)
  • Guarín-Zapata, Nicolás (Universidad EAFIT)

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Bulk solids and granular materials are ubiquitous in the modern global economy. Approximately 50% of all commodity sales worldwide involve the processing of granular materials at some stage [1] and around 10% of the world’s energy budget is spent handling these materials [2]. Entire industries rely on the processing and handling of bulk solids, which are often stored in silos. The agricultural industry has historically been at the forefront of the study of how stress develops inside bulk materials stored in silos. Motivated by the design of structures that could withstand the forces applied on their walls, a wide range of models have been proposed to estimate the stress distribution of confined bulk solids during storage. Nevertheless, the rise of pelleted feeds during the XX century as the preferred meal type in animal husbandry for enhancing feed conversion and production efficiency [3] has given rise to a new motivator. Excessive storage stress in silos can cause breakage or fatigue of pelleted feeds, leading to fines generation, production issues, and costly inefficiencies for farmers. As such, this paper aims to compare different models reported in the literature for computing stresses inside bulk solids to determine which is the most suitable for estimating pellet damage and breakage. Oldest amongst them, we shall analyze the Janssen model (which has been a cornerstone in silo design codes worldwide for over a century [4]), alongside some more recent approaches, such as a 3D continuum model via FEM, and a DEM-based approach to estimate the static stress distribution within a cylindrical grain silo. Furthermore, the results of this investigation can be generalized to other industries involving bulk solids, such as mining and pharmaceuticals. REFERENCES [1] B. Andreotti, Y. Forterre, and O. Pouliquen, Granular Media: Between Fluid and Solid, 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2013. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139541008. [2] J. Duran, Sands, Powders, and Grains in Partially Ordered Systems. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-0499-2. [3] M. Thomas and A. F. B. van der Poel, “Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 1. Criteria for pellet quality,” Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 89–112, Sep. 1996, doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(96)00949-2. [4] G. Dyck, A. Rogers, and J. Paliwal, “A Review of Analytical Methods for Calculating Static Pressures in Bulk Solids Storage Structures,” KONA, vol. 41, no. 0, pp. 108–1